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ObjectiveBased on the antidepressant activity， the optimal ratio of Rehmanniae Radix and Lilii Bulbus in Baihe Dihuangtang was optimized and its possible mechanism was preliminarily explored. MethodA total of 100 male mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Rehmanniae Radix single decoction group， Lilii Bulbus single decoction group， and 5 different ratios of Baihe Dihuangtang group （Rehmanniae Radix-Lilii Bulbus 5∶6， 5∶5 ， 5∶4， 5∶3， 5∶2）， fluoxetine hydrochloride group. Except for the normal group， the remaining 9 groups were treated with chronic unpredictable mild stress method （CUMS） for 21 consecutive days to establish the depression mouse model.The Rehmanniae Radix single decoction group， Lilii Bulbus single decoction group and 5 different ratios of Baihe Dihuangtang group were administered with corresponding drugs at a dose of 2 g·kg-1 respectively， and fluoxetine hydrochloride group was administered fluoxetine hydrochloride at a dose of 0.01 g·kg-1， the normal group and the model group were respectively given an equal volume of normal saline by gavage for 21 consecutive days. The antidepressant effect of Baihe Dihuangtang with different ratios was evaluated by behavioral experiments. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and tyrosine kinase receptor B （TrkB） in hippocampus. The level of total superoxide dismutase （SOD） in hippocampus was detected by hydroxylamine method. The level of reduced glutathione （GSH） in hippocampus was detected by spectrophotometric method. The levels of glutathione peroxidase （GPX） and glutathione S-transferase （GST） in hippocampus was detected by colorimetric method. The level of malondialdehyde （MDA） in hippocampus was detected by thiobarbituric acid method， and preliminary exploration of its antidepressant mechanism. ResultCUMS caused a significant decrease in the preference rate of sugar water and a significant prolongation of forced swimming and tail suspension immobility time （P<0.01）， while the different ratios of Baihe Dihuangtang and the single decoction of Rehmanniae Radix and Lilii Bulbus were significantly reversed to varying degrees. Abnormalities of the above indicators were observed （P<0.05， P<0.01）， especially when the ratio of 5∶6 had the most obvious effect on the above indicators， Moreover， CUMS caused the hippocampal BDNF and the expression of TrkB， SOD and glutathione antioxidant-related indexes were significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the levels of lipid peroxidation product MDA was significantly increased （P<0.01）. However， the superior ratio of Baihe Dihuangtang （Rehmanniae Radix-Lilii Bulbus 5∶6， 5∶5， 5∶4） and the single decoction of Rehmanniae Radix and Lilii Bulbus significantly reversed the abnormality of the above indicators to varying degrees （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionIn summary， 5 different ratios of Baihe Dihuangtang and the single decoction of Rehmanniae Radix and Lilii Bulbus can produce antidepressant effect， especially when the ratio of 5∶6 had the most obvious effect on the above indicators， and the antidepressant effect gradually weakens with the proportion of Lilii Bulbus in the recipe decreases， and its mechanism may involve enhancing the nutritional level and antioxidant defense ability of hippocampal central nervous system.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the elimination method of outliers based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language， and to evaluate the effects of it on drug bitterness evaluation. METHODS： Referring to Grubbs rule， the automatic cyclic outliers elimination method based on MATLAB language was established. Totally 20 volunteers were included in single oral taste test （Tetrapanax papyrifer） and multiple oral taste test （10 kinds of medicinal material as T. papyrifer， Changium smyrnioides， Poria cocos， etc.）. Seven sensors were selected for electronic tongue test （Clematis armandii）. The data of bitterness evaluation in above tests （oral taste test as bitterness value， electronic tongue test as response value of sensors） were used as the data source. Five researchers were selected and adopted table-by-table elimination method based on Grubbs rule （method one）， Excel software elimination method based on Grubbs rule （method two） and automatic cyclic outliers elimination method based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language （method three） to judge and eliminate the outliers. The effects of above three methods were evaluated with the removal time and error rate of outliers as indexes. RESULTS： There were two outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in single oral taste test； the elimination time of the three methods were（745.400 0±25.904 4），（288.333 3±31.253 1）and（0.000 3±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 20.0％， 0 and 0， respectively. There were six outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in multiple oral taste test； the elimination time of three methods were （3 693.107 7±75.023 3）， （1 494.761 4±53.826 9）， （0.005 2±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 10.0％， 4.0％， 0， respectively. There were three outliers in the data of bitterness evaluation in electronic tongue test； the elimination time of three methods were （2 992.673 3±84.117 6）， （1 276.367 1±55.024 5）， （0.002 3±0.000 0）s， respectively； error rates were 5.7％， 2.9％， 0， respectively. The elimination results of the three methods were consistent. The elimination time of method two was significantly shorter than that of method one （P＜0.01）； the elimination time of method three was significantly shorter than those of method one and method two （P＜0.01）. There was no significant difference in error rate of 3 methods （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The automatic cyclic elimination method of outliers based on Grubbs rule and MATLAB language can significantly shorten the elimination time of outliers in data of drug bitterness evaluation， improve the efficiency of data processing， and is suitable for drug bitterness evaluation.
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The surgery related to the schlemm's canal is characterized by draining aqueous homur from natural pathway.It is widely accepted by ophthalmologists due to less complications and no need for concern about the scar formation.But we should understand these emerging and evolving technologies rationally.In the article,some topics were discussed,including the relationship between schlemm's canal and glaucoma,evolution,principle and effect of these surgeries,some dilemma problems and the expectations for the future.We hope it would help the ophthalmologist to understand this type of surgeries.
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Objective To observe the effect of interventional thrombolytic therapy for central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion via supratrochlear artery retrogradely or external carotid artery anterogradely.Methods Nine CRAO patients (9 eyes) were enrolled in this study,including 5 males and 4 females.The mean age was (45.2 ± 18.1) years.The mean onset duration was 24 hours.There were 4 eyes with vision of no light perception,3 eyes with light perception and 2 eyes with hand movement.Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) examination showed that the retinal artery was filled with delayed fluorescence.The peak of fluorescence was seen in the anterior part of the artery,and some of the eyes showed retrograde filling.The arm-retinal circulation time (A-Rct) was ≥35 s in 4 eyes,≥35 s-＜25 s in 5 eyes.The filling time of retinal artery and its branches (FT) was ≥ 15 s in 2 eyes,≥ 12 s-＜15 s in 3 eyes,≥9 s-＜ 12 s in 4 eyes.All the patients received the treatment of interventional thrombolytic therapy via supratrochlear artery retrogradely (8 eyes) or external carotid artery anterogradely (1 eye) according to the indications and contraindications of thrombolytic therapy in acute cerebral infraction patients.Urokinase (0.4 million U in total) was intermittently injected into the arteries.After artery thrombolysis,the changes of digital subtraction angiography (DSA),filling time of retinal artery and its branches on FFA within 24 hours and the visual acuity were observed.According to the A-Rct and FT on FFA,the therapeutic effects on retinal circulation were defined as effective markedly (A-Rct≤ 15 s,FT ≤2 s),effective (A-Rct was improved but in the range of 16-20 s,FT was in 3-8 s) and no effect (A-Rct was improved but ≥21 s,FT≥9 s).The related local or systemic complications were recorded.Results After the injection ofurokinase into the catheter,the ophthalmic artery and its branches were increased in 6 eyes (66.7％),and the development of the eye ring was significantly more than that of the eyes before thrombolysis.The circulation time in ophthalmic artery was speeded up for 2 s before thrombolysis in 3 eyes,3 s in 3 eyes,and 4 s in 2 eyes.Within 24 hours after thrombolysis treatment,the A-Rct was significantly decreased than that of before interventional therapy.The retinal circulation was effective markedly in 4 eyes (44.4％),effective in 4 eyes (44.4％) and no effect in 1 eyes (11.2％).The vision was improved 3 lines in 4 eyes (44.4％),2 lines in 3 eyes (33.3％),1 line in 1 eye (11.2％) and no change in 1 eye (11.2％).There were no abnormal eye movements,vitreous hemorrhage and incision hematoma,intracranial hemorrhage,cerebral embolism,and other local and systemic adverse effeetives during the follow-up.Conclusions The interventional thrombolytic therapy via supratrochlear artery retrogradely or external carotid artery anterogradely for CRAO with the ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion can improve retinal circulation and vision.There are no related local or systemic complications.
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Objective To observe the characteristics of collateral circulation blood flow of ipsilateral ophthalmic artery in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods The imaging data of 20 patients with internal carotid artery occlusion were analyzed retrospectively. There were 11 males and 9 females, aged from 30 to 65 years, with an average age of (45±3) years. All the patients underwent digital subtraction angiography and transcranial Doppler examination, and 6 patients underwent simultaneous magnetic resonance angiography. The blood supply and collateral circulation of the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery were observed . Results All the patients had unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. The blood supply of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and ophthalmic artery comes from the collateral circulation between the middle meningeal artery branches of the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery in 18 patients (90.0%); it also comes from the anterior communicating artery of the contralateral internal carotid artery in 16 patients (80.0%); and the posterior communicating artery of the contralateral internal carotid artery in 12 patients (60.0%), respectively. Conclusion The blood flow of the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery mainly comes from the middle meningeal artery branch of the ipsilateral external carotid artery, also comes from the anterior and posterior communicating arteries of the contralateral internal carotid artery.
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Objective To observe the characteristics of collateral circulation blood flow of ipsilateral ophthalmic artery in patients with internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods The imaging data of 20 patients with internal carotid artery occlusion were analyzed retrospectively. There were 11 males and 9 females, aged from 30 to 65 years, with an average age of (45±3) years. All the patients underwent digital subtraction angiography and transcranial Doppler examination, and 6 patients underwent simultaneous magnetic resonance angiography. The blood supply and collateral circulation of the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery were observed . Results All the patients had unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. The blood supply of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery and ophthalmic artery comes from the collateral circulation between the middle meningeal artery branches of the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery in 18 patients (90.0%); it also comes from the anterior communicating artery of the contralateral internal carotid artery in 16 patients (80.0%); and the posterior communicating artery of the contralateral internal carotid artery in 12 patients (60.0%), respectively. Conclusion The blood flow of the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery mainly comes from the middle meningeal artery branch of the ipsilateral external carotid artery, also comes from the anterior and posterior communicating arteries of the contralateral internal carotid artery.
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A three-dimensional (3D) model of human anterior chamber is reconstructed to explore the effect of different corneal temperatures on the heat transfer in the chamber. Based on the optical coherence tomography imaging of the volunteers with normal anterior chamber, a 3D anterior chamber model was reconstructed by the method of UG parametric design. Numerical simulation of heat transfer and aqueous humor flow in the whole anterior chamber were analyzed by the finite volume methods at different corneal temperatures. The results showed that different corneal temperatures had obvious influence on the temperature distribution and the aqueous flow in the anterior chamber. The temperature distribution is linear and axial symmetrical around the pupillary axis. As the temperature difference increases, the symmetry becomes poorer. Aqueous floated along the warm side and sank along the cool side which forms a vortexing flow. Its velocity increased with the addition of temperature difference. Heat fluxes of cornea, lens and iris were mainly affected by the aqueous velocity. The higher the velocity, the bigger more absolute value of the above-mentioned heat fluxes became. It is practicable to perform the numerical simulation of anterior chamber by the optical coherence tomography imaging. The results are useful for studying the important effect of corneal temperature on the heat transfer and aqueous humor dynamics in the anterior chamber.
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Humans , Anterior Chamber , Physiology , Aqueous Humor , Physiology , Cornea , Physiology , Iris , Lens, Crystalline , Models, Biological , Temperature , Tomography, Optical CoherenceABSTRACT
Objective To understand the status quo of the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B in rural area ,to analyze the shortages in prevention and treatment strategy ,to explore the corresponding prevention countermeasures and to provide the scientif‐ic basis .Methods The inhabitants were randomly sampled from 6 natural villages in the rural area of Zhangjiakou as the research subjects .The venous blood HBsAg and HBsAb were detected .The respondents were divided into 2 groups according to the distance of residence place from cities and towns .The distribution differences of HBsAg and HBsAb were compared among different age groups for analyzing the influence of age and public health conditions on the HBV control effects .Results The HBsAg positive rate averaged 5 .92% and the HbsAb positive rate averaged 33 .73% ,with the age increase ,the HBsAg positive rate showed the increas‐ing trend and the anti‐HBsAb showed the decreasing trend ;the anti‐HBsAb positive rate in the inhabitants aged under 15 years near town was higher than those far from town .Conclusion It is needed to increase the input and support intensity to the rural areas in the aspects of finance and manpower ,improve the public health conditions of the rural area with the planned immunity as the main thing ,enlarge the hepatitis B vaccine inoculation range ,strengthen the publicity of HBV harm ,prevention and treatment knowledge , increase the neonatal hepatitis B vaccine inoculation rate and the 24 h timely inoculation rate of hepatitis B vaccine ,accomplish the immune blocking in pregnant women with HBsAg positive ,and preventing the HBV communication during feeding process in in‐fants .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find a sensitive index of early injury of the nervous system in lead-exposed workers and to provide a scientific basis for establishing an efficient occupational health surveillance route.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 317 lead-exposed workers (blood lead levels: 26.90∼ 912.80 µg/L, determined with the atomic absorption spectrum) were divided into four groups according to the normal blood lead level (201 µg/L), acceptable upper limit of blood lead (400 µg/L), and diagnostic value (600 µg/L). The motor nerve conduction function was examined and analyzed by one-way ANOVA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The distal latency and amplitude of the median nerve were significantly different between groups. The median distal latency of the highest blood lead group (>600 µg/L) was 3.63 ms, which was significantly longer than the average level (3.30 ms), and the median nerve amplitude of the highest blood lead group was 5.63 µV, significantly lower than the average level (7.27 µV). No significant difference was found between different groups in motor conduction velocity. Significant difference was found in ulnar nerve amplitude between groups. The ulnar nerve amplitude of the highest blood lead group was 4.31 µV, significantly lower than the average level (4.87 µV). No significant differences were observed in other parameters between groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distal latency and amplitude of the median nerve can be used as a sensitive index for the diagnosis of early subclinical motor nerve injury in lead?exposed workers.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Lead , Blood , Lead Poisoning , Blood , Neural Conduction , Occupational ExposureABSTRACT
Metabolic profile of bile acids was used to evaluate hepatotoxicity of mice caused by ethanol extraction of Dioscorea bulbifera L. (ethanol extraction, ET) and diosbulbin B (DB), separately. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was applied to determine the contents of all kinds of endogenous bile acids including free bile acids, taurine conjugates and glycine conjugates. Obvious liver injuries could be observed in mice after administrated with ET and DB. Based on the analysis using principle components analysis (PCA), toxic groups could be distinguished from their control groups, which suggested that the variance of the contents of bile acids could evaluate hepatotoxicity caused by ET and DB. Meanwhile, ET and DB toxic groups were classified in the same trends comparing to control groups in the loading plot, and difference between the two toxic groups could also be observed. DB proved to be one of the toxic components in Dioscorea bulbifera L. Bile acids of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), cholic acid (CA) and others proved to be important corresponds to ET and DB induced liver injury according to analysis of partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the control groups and toxic groups (P < 0.01). Furthermore, good correlation could be revealed between the foregoing bile acids and ALT, AST. It indicated that taurine conjugated bile acids as TUDCA, TCDCA, TCA and TDCA along with CA could be considered as sensitive biomarkers of ET and DB induced liver injury. This work can provide the base for the further research on the evaluation and mechanism of hepatotoxicity caused by Dioscorea bulbifera L.
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Objective To investigate the effects of lead on the vitality, differentiation, special functional markers and morphological changes of the osteoblasts in newborn rats, which helps to clarify the toxicity mechanism of lead on the skeleton development in children. Methods The osteoblasts were isolated from the calvariae in newborn Wistar rats and cultured in DMEM medium. Lead acetate at different concentration (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 ?mol/L) was added for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h. The vitality of the osteoblasts was measured by MTT methods; The activity of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) was measured by pNPP method. The protein content of the osteoblasts was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue method. The levels of osteocalcin in both secreted (in medium) and cellular of osteoblasts were determined by radiate immunochemistry methods. The optical structure was determined by LM. Results The vitality decreased significantly when the dose was at more than 50 ?mol/L, especially after 72 h. The activity of ALP decreased significantly when more than 0.5 ?mol/L, whereas the levels of secreted osteocalcin decreased significantly when at 0.1 ?mol/L. It appeared lead had some toxicity on the shape and number on the osteoblasts. Conclusion Lead acetate has adverse effect, at higher doses, on the vitality, protein content, ALP, osteocalcin and optical structure, maybe it is one of the mechanisms of lead influencing the development of the osteoblasts even the skeleton.
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The effects of different concentrations of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) on the fibrovascular ingrowth into rabbits hydroxyapatite orbital implant were investigated. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 3 groups and received hydroxyapatite orbital implant surgery in their right eyes. Before and after the operation, the implants were treated with 10 ng/ml VEGF, 100 ng/ml VEGF, or normal saline as control group. The animals received technetium bones scan at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The mean radioactivity counts within region of interest (ROI) of the surgery eye (R) and the non-surgery eye (L) in the same animal were tested, and the R/L ratios were calculated. The implants were harvested at 6th weeks and examined histopathologically. The results showed that at second week, there was no significant difference in mean R/L ratios between VEGF group and control group (F=2.83, P=0.111); At 4th week (F=7.728, P=0.011) and 6th week (F=7.831, P=0.011) postoperatively, the mean ratios in VEGF groups were significantly higher than that in control group. At 6th week postoperatively, the fibrovascularization rates in VEGF groups were higher than in control group significantly (F=8.711, P=0.008). It was suggested that VEGF could promote the fibrovascular ingrowth into hydroxyapatite orbital implant, thus might shorten the time required for complete vascularization of the HA orbital implant.
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Eye, Artificial , Hydroxyapatites , Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects , Orbit/blood supply , Orbital Implants , Random Allocation , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The effects of different concentrations of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) on the fibrovascular ingrowth into rabbits hydroxyapatite orbital implant were investigated. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 3 groups and received hydroxyapatite orbital implant surgery in their right eyes. Before and after the operation, the implants were treated with 10 ng/ml VEGF, 100 ng/ml VEGF, or normal saline as control group. The animals received technetium bones scan at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The mean radioactivity counts within region of interest (ROI) of the surgery eye (R) and the non-surgery eye (L) in the same animal were tested, and the R/L ratios were calculated. The implants were harvested at 6th weeks and examined histopathologically. The results showed that at second week, there was no significant difference in mean R/L ratios between VEGF group and control group (F=2.83, P=0.111); At 4th week (F=7.728, P=0.011) and 6th week (F=7.831, P=0.011) postoperatively, the mean ratios in VEGF groups were significantly higher than that in control group. At 6th week postoperatively, the fibrovascularization rates in VEGF groups were higher than in control group significantly (F=8.711, P=0.008). It was suggested that VEGF could promote the fibrovascular ingrowth into hydroxyapatite orbital implant, thus might shorten the time required for complete vascularization of the HA orbital implant.
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Animals , Rabbits , Eye, Artificial , Hydroxyapatites , Neovascularization, Physiologic , Orbit , Orbital Implants , Random Allocation , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the significance of ultrasonography in diagnosis and differentiation of morning glory syndrome. Methods Ultrasonography,CT and fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA) features were retrospectively analyzed in 6 cases of morning glory syndrome.Results Ultrasonography, CT and FFA characters of morning glory syndrome were as follow: on the B-type ultrasonogram, the dark area of vitreous cavity extended to the posterior pole and optic papilla, projecting to the basal part of muscle cones, thus the posterior part of vitreous cavity looked like a converted bottleneck. Sometimes the light ribbon of retinal detachment can also be seen. On the A-type ultrasonogram, both vitreous cavity and bottleneck showed no ultrasonic echo and acted as an equable baseline without any evident wave crest. The attachment spot of optic nerve of eye turned thin and vitreous body protruded to the posterior wall of eyeball with spherical shape on CT imaging. In the earlier period of FFA, hypofluorescence appeared on the optic disc; then ,the abnormal arteriae and vein around the optic papilla were diplayed clearly; In the later period, optic discs were dyed with fluorescein. Conclusions Ultrasonography, CT and FFA showed imageological features of morning glory syndrome from different aspects, which was helpful for differentiating similar diseases such as optic disc coloboma. Especially, ultrasonography was considered as a more safe and reliable imageological method than other imageological methods in precisely diagnosing and differentiating morning glory syndrome and superior to the traditional fundus check which gives no integrity.
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Objective To evaluate the value of CT in the diagnoses and treatment of the liquid in the renal sub capsule.Methods The spiral CT images and clinic material of the liquid in the renal sub capsule were concluded in 25 cases.Results The total accuracy of CT showed 100% for the liquid in the renal sub capsule and reliable for the injury of liver and spleen,fracture of lumbar vertebra and abdominal accumulation of water.Conclusion CT diagnoses is the evidance to choose treatment for the liquid in the renal sub capsule with conservation,intervention,or operation.
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Both molecular weight 6000 and 1000 polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been used to induce thc fusion of hepatoma cell by two methods of centrifugation and stillstand. The results showed that 50% PEG of molecular weight 1000 and centrifugation increase the percentage of fused cells. The procedure of cell fusion has been examined. The cytoplasm has been fused when the cells start fusing in one hour and a half, and the neucleus start fusing in two horus and a half.